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Ramakrishna (1836–1886) is a famous mystic of nineteenth-century India. Ramakrishna never wrote down the details of his own life. Sources for his life and teachings come from the writings of his disciples and live witnesses. Ramakrishna's recorded sayings mainly come from the last four years of his life.〔 〕 Keshabchandra Sen's ''Paramahamsa Deber Ukti'' (1878) is the earliest known work on Ramakrishna. Keshab also publicized Ramakrishna's teachings in the journals of his religious movement ''New Dispensation'' over a period of several years,〔 〕 which was instrumental in bringing Ramakrishna to the attention of a wider audience, especially the Bhadralok (English-educated classes of Bengal) and the Europeans residing in India.〔 〕 This was followed by Sureshchandra Dutta's ''Pramahamsa Ramakrishna Deber Ukti'' (1884)〔 ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsadever Jivan-vrittanta'' (1880) by Ram Chandra Dutta,〔 is one of the earliest published biography of Ramakrishna. Religious scholar, Narasingha Sil and Jeffery Kripal argue that Datta's ''Jivanvrttanta'' is the most scandalous biography of Ramakrishna, "containing the lurid details of his ''sadhana'' as well as his quite suggestive encounters with his patron Mathur." They cite a letter written by Swami Vivekananda in 1884 asking to "Avoid all irregular indecent expressions about sex etc...because other nations think it the height of indecency to mention such things, and his life in English is going to be read by the whole world"〔The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda ~ Volume 5 ~ Epistle XXIII〕 and calling Ramchandra Dutta's translation a "bosh and rot".〔 They also argue that Ramchandra Dutta faced a possible lawsuit from Swami Vivekananda. However, Swami Atmajnanananda and Pravrajika Vrajaprana argue that as of 1995, this book has been published in nine Bengali editions.〔 〕〔 〕 Kripal later withdrew his claim that the Ramakrishna Mission has consciously concealed information.〔 〕 In 1887, Akshay Kumar Sen wrote Ramakrishna's life in verse — ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Punthi'' in Bengali. Akshay Kumar Sen later wrote ''Padye Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Dever Upadesh'' and ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Mahima''. ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Lilaprasanga'' by Swami Saradananda. The book was begun in 1909 and left partially incomplete at the author's death in 1927.〔 〕 Scholars Romain Rolland, Isherwood considered Swami Saradananda an authority both as a philosopher and as an historian on Ramakrishna.〔 〕〔 〕 ''My Master'', speeches by Swami Vivekananda in 1896.〔 〕 Religious Scholar Sil argues that Ramakrishna is a product of Vivekananda's "Mythmaking and Propaganda",〔 〕 Scholars Max Müller, Walter G. Neevel, Christopher Isherwood have expressed the opinion that Vivekananda has presented an accurate picture of Ramakrishna.〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕 Scholar Amiya P. Sen argues that Sil's thesis, "naively overlooks" several factors.〔 〕 Other biographic works include Mahendranath Dutta's ''Sri Ramakrishner Anudhyan'', ("Sacred Memories of Sri Ramakrishna"),〔 〕 Satyacharan Mitra's 1897 ''Sri Sri Ramakrsna Paramahamsadeber Jiboni o Upadesh'' ("The Life and Teachings of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa"),〔 and Sureshchandra Datta's 1886 ''Sriramakrsnadeber Upades'' ("Teachings of SriRamakrishna"). Max Müller's book ''Râmakrishna: His Life and Sayings'' (1898) is one of the earliest works by a Western scholar on the life of Ramakrishna and, according Walter Neevel, a relatively independent source of biography.〔 〕 Romain Rolland, writing in 1929, said that this work is based on first-hand evidence, analysed in "broad and clear critical spirit".〔 Max Müller said that he based his book on the testimonies of Swami Vivekananda and several independent witnesses, both favorable and unfavorable to Ramakrishna.〔 〕 Max Müller regarded Ramakrishna as ''The Real Mahatman''.〔 〕 The book ''Sri Sri Rāmakrishna Kathāmrita'' by Mahendranath Gupta under the pseudonym ''M.'', was published in five volumes in 1902, 1905, 1908, 1910 and 1932. Mahendranath Gupta recorded his daily interactions with Ramakrishna in his diary which were subsequently published as ''Sri-Sri-Ramakrishna-Kathamrta'' in 5 Volumes in Bengali. According to Romain Rolland, the information in these volumes is available with "stenographic precision".〔 Romain Rolland's book ''Life of Ramakrishna'' (1929) is another biographic work which is based on direct disciples of whom Romain Rolland writes —"I have received glowing testimony at their hands. I have talked with some among them, who were the companions of this mystic being - of the Man-Gods- and I can vouch for their loyalty. Moreover, these eye-witnesses are not the simple fishermen of the Gospel story; some are great thinkers, learned in European thought and disciplined in its strict school.", and independent eyewitnesses of Ramakrishna who were alive at his time. He had consulted the Christian missionaries who had interviewed Ramakrishna.〔 〕 The English translations of ''Kathamrita'' were published by Swami Nikhilananda in his book The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna. According to scholars Neevel, Lex Hixon the book provides authentic information〔 〕 about Ramakrishna. The book was voted as one of the ''"100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century"'' by the American scholars convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.faithalivebooks.com/collections/harper_100_best.html )〕〔 〕 However, scholars argue that the book has been bowdlerized.〔Sil, 1993; Hatcher, 1999; Radice, 1995; Kripal 1998〕 Kripal argues that although Nikhilananda calls it a literal translation, he "substantially altered Gupta's text, combining the five parallel narratives", "as well as deleting some passages which he claimed were "of no particular interest to English-speaking readers.".〔''Kali's Child'' (1995), p.329-336〕 However other scholars Sil, Swami Tyagananda, Somnath Bhattacharrya,〔 〕 Swami Atmajnananda〔 argue that Kripal's observations are incorrect. They also argue that Nikhilananda's translations were faithful and took into consideration the western decorum.〔 〕〔 〕 Peter Heehs argues,〔 〕 that the translation in ''The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna'' turns Ramakrishna's vigorous and occasionally coarse Bengali into English of near-Victorian propriety and do not convey as much as the Bengali originals, however, Heehs writes that the works on M and Saradananda remain documents of considerable value, which have allowed Ramakrishna to speak to a worldwide audience.〔 Lex Hixon writes that the ''Gospel'' is "spiritually authentic" and "powerful rendering of the ''Kathamrita'' into dignified English." A recent translation, by Dharm Pal Gupta, is subtitled "word to word translation of the original Bengali edition" (see "other books" below). ==Other books== *''The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna''. By Mahendranath Gupta, Translated by Swami Nikhilananda, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai. * ''Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master'' by Swami Saradananda, Translated by Swami Jagadananda, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai. *''Life of Sri Ramakrishna, compiled from various authentic sources'' (1925) by Swami Madhavananda is also one of the primary sources of Ramakrishna's biography and contains first hand accounts of his disciples, live witnesses.〔 *''Life of Sri Ramakrishna'', Swami Nikhilananda, Foreword by Mahatma Gandhi, Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata. * ''Ramakrishna, His Life and Sayings'', by Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. ISBN 978-1-60506-646-2 * ''A Short Life of Sri Ramakrishna'', by Swami Tejasananda. * ''Words of the Master: Selected Precepts of Sri Ramakrishna'' by Swami Brahmananda * ''The Life of Sri Ramakrishna'' by Romain Rolland, Advaita Ashrama, Kolkata. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bibliography of Ramakrishna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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